Carol S. Dweck, Ph.D., is one of the world’s leading researchers in the field of motivation and is the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. Her research has focused on why people succeed and how to foster success, specifically on mindset. Professor Carol Dweck believes that mindsets are beliefs - beliefs about yourself and your most basic qualities. In her work, Dweck has found that people have either a fixed or a growth mindset.
In a fixed mindset, people believe their basic qualities, like their intelligence or talent, are simply fixed traits. They spend their time documenting their intelligence or talent instead of developing them. They also believe that talent alone creates success - without effort. In a growth mindset, people believe that their most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work - brains and talent are just the starting point. This view creates a love of learning and a resilience that is essential for great accomplishment.
Dweck summarises much of her work into two main themes: ‘Mindset Rules’ and the associated ‘Dangers of Praise’. Professor Dweck was able to package years of her research into some useful rules on mindset:
Mindset Rule 1:
Fixed Mindset - Look smart at all costs
Growth Mindset - Learn at all costs
Mindset Rule 2:
Fixed Mindset - It should come naturally
Growth Mindset - Work hard; effort is the key
Mindset Rule 3:
In the face of setbacks…
Fixed Mindset - Hide mistakes and deficiencies
Growth Mindset - Confront mistakes and deficiencies
After setbacks…
Fixed Mindset - “I’d spend less time on that subject from now on”
Growth Mindset - “I would work harder in this class from now on”
Interestingly, Professor Dweck warns against praising our children and students for their intelligence alone, drawing on her research that proves that this praise can be severely detrimental to a child’s sense of self-worth and a have a direct negative impact upon academic success. Results of her studies reveal that students who were praised for their effort were more inclined to persevere with more difficult tasks and ultimately achieved higher on test scores.
Examples of the different ways of praising were shared:
Intelligence Praise:
“Wow, that’s a really good score. You must be really smart.”
Process Praise:
“Wow, that’s a really good score. You must have tried really hard.”
Professor Dweck challenges parents and educators to praise effort and struggle, strategies and choices, choosing difficult tasks, persisting, and learning and improving over ‘being smart’ alone. In fact, every word and action sends a message. It tells children how to think about themselves. It can be a fixed mindset message that says: “You have permanent traits and I’m judging them”. Or it can be a growth mindset message that says: “You are a developing person and I am interested in your development”.
Nikki Townsend